Analysis of metabolic compounds and antitumorigenic effects of Albizia niopoides and Senegalia polyphylla leaves.

The objective of this study was to quantify metabolic compounds in leaves of A. niopoides and S. polyphylla and to evaluate the antitumor potential of extracts from both species in cervical tumour cells. The physiological analyses performed were quantification of starch, sucrose, phenolic compounds and proteins. An aqueous extract was prepared and added to the SiHa cell line at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 µg/mL at 4h, 24h, 48h and 72h. Cell morphology, proliferation and viability were analysed. The species showed a large amount of starch and phenolic compounds. Treatment with the extract of both species caused morphological changes in SiHa cells and exhibited antiproliferative effects at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml. In cell viability test, only A. niopoides showed a significant reduction. The study presented the effects of the species against a cervical cancer cell line, where A. niopoides has already shown to be a promising plant drug.

Clinical phenotyping of children with nocturnal enuresis: A key classification to improve the approach.

INTRODUCTION: The literature shows that nocturnal enuresis is not an isolated phenomenon of urinary loss during sleep, but encompasses a set of systemic clinical manifestations that significantly influence children's quality of life and development. However, the understanding of the clinical and physiological relationship of these systemic manifestations remains a clinical challenge. The recognition of these manifestations and their subsequent categorisation, may provide better insights into integrated clinical manifestations, facilitating the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, and promote increased assertiveness in the assessment and the selection of appropriate therapies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to develop a phenotyping model for children with nocturnal enuresis based on evidence. METHODS: This study presents a clinical phenotyping model for children with nocturnal enuresis based on an analytical and methodological review of the literature, about nocturnal enuresis and its associated clinical manifestations. There was a bibliometric analysis carried out to better analyse outcomes. After reading and analysing the literature, the clinical manifestations were categorised into domains and submitted to the validation of an expert committee with extensive experience in their specific area of expertise. A visual representation of the categorised model was developed to make the phenotyping concept easily understandable to all professionals. RESULTS: The clinical manifestations related to nocturnal enuresis have been categorised according to frequency and relation found in the literature and validation by an expert committee and the development of the phenotyping model for children with nocturnal enuresis was completed. CONCLUSION: The present study developed an evidence-based phenotyping model for children with nocturnal enuresis.

Reliability of roadside oral fluid testing devices for ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9 -THC) detection.

Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is increasing worldwide, and cannabis is the most prevalent drug after alcohol in impaired driving cases, emphasizing the need for a reliable traffic enforcement strategy. ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection in oral fluid has great potential for identifying recent cannabis use; however, additional data are needed on the sensitivities, specificities, and efficiencies of different oral fluid devices for detecting cannabinoids at the roadside by police during routine traffic safety enforcement efforts. At the roadside, 8945 oral fluid THC screening tests were performed with four devices: AquilaScan®, Dräger DrugTest®, WipeAlyser Reader®, and Druglizer®. A total of 530 samples screened positive for THC (5.9%) and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at multiple cutoff concentrations (2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, and manufacturers' recommended device cutoffs) to investigate device performance. Results varied substantially, with sensitivities of 0%-96.8%, specificities of 89.8%-98.5%, and efficiencies of 84.3%-97.8%. The Dräger DrugTest® outperformed the other devices with a 96.8% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, and 97.0% efficiency at a 5-ng/mL LC-MS/MS confirmation cutoff. The WipeAlyser Reader® had good performance with a 91.4% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, and 96.4% efficiency. AquilaScan® and Druglizer® had unacceptable performance for cannabinoid detection, highlighted by sensitivity <13%. The choice of roadside oral fluid testing device must offer good analytical performance for cannabinoids because of its high prevalence of use and impact on road safety.

Metabolic Stability and Metabolite Identification of N-Ethyl Pentedrone Using Rat, Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes.

New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) are defined as a group of substances produced from molecular modifications of traditional drugs. These molecules represent a public health problem since information about their metabolites and toxicity is poorly understood. N-ethyl pentedrone (NEP) is an NPS that was identified in the illicit market for the first time in the mid-2010s, with four intoxication cases later described in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the metabolic stability of NEP as well as to identify its metabolites using three liver microsomes models. To investigate metabolic stability, NEP was incubated with rat (RLM), mouse (MLM) and human (HLM) liver microsomes and its concentration over time evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. For metabolite identification, the same procedure was employed, but the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Different metabolism profiles were observed depending on the model employed and kinetic parameters were determined. The in vitro NEP elimination half-lives (t1/2) were 12.1, 187 and 770 min for the rat, mouse and human models, respectively. Additionally, in vitro intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vitro) were 229 for rat, 14.8 for mouse, and 3.6 µL/min/mg in the human model, and in vivo intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vivo) 128, 58.3, and 3.7 mL/min/kg, respectively. The HLM model had the lowest rate of metabolism when compared to RLM and MLM. Also, twelve NEP metabolites were identified from all models, but at different rates of production.

RPG Imersiva saúde do idoso: uma nova possibilidade de construção de aprendizagem em saúde? / Immersive RPG Elderly Health: A New Possibility for Constructing Health Learning?

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a aplicabilidade e a efetividade de um jogo com elementos de Roleplaying Game (RPG) enquanto ferramenta didático pedagógica para o ensino em saúde. Método A população deste estudo foi de discentes de cursos de graduação e pós-graduação, da área da saúde, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado entre os meses de abril a junho de 2018, em duas etapas. Primeiramente foi realizado o RPG com as turmas envolvidas, e após uma semana, entrevistas de GF para a obtenção de informações, contando com voluntários dessas turmas que aceitaram participar da pesquisa. A análise das informações foi baseada em aspectos da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD). Resultados Da análise emergiram as categorias:1) Criação do jogo, 2) Impacto da experiência no ensino aprendizagem, 3) Reflexão acerca do jogo. Os resultados demonstram que o uso do jogo com elementos de RPG tem um enorme potencial a ser explorado no processo de ensino-aprendizagem na área da saúde. Trata-se de um método inovador e ainda pouco utilizado na área da saúde. É importante seguir algumas premissas para que a ferramenta seja utilizada de forma potente. Conclusão Nessa direção entende-se que o jogo auxilia na formação em saúde, enriquecendo conhecimentos e habilidades através de uma experiência desafiadora e conectada com a realidade.

Abstract Objective To assess the applicability and effectiveness of a game incorporating Roleplaying Game (RPG) elements as a pedagogical tool for health education. Method The study population comprised undergraduate and postgraduate students in the health field at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This qualitative research was conducted between April and June 2018 in two stages. Initially, the RPG was implemented with the involved classes, followed by Focus Group interviews conducted a week later to gather information, with volunteers from these classes who willingly participated in the research. Information analysis was grounded in aspects of Grounded Theory (GT). Results The analysis yielded the following categories: 1) Game creation, 2) Impact of the experience on teaching and learning, 3) Reflection on the game. The results demonstrate that the use of RPG-influenced games holds significant untapped potential in the health education process. This innovative method remains underutilized within the health domain, necessitating adherence to specific premises for its potent application. Conclusion In this context, it is understood that the game contributes to health education, enhancing knowledge and skills through a challenging and reality-connected experience.

Comparison between the socio-educational profiles of children with verbal and non-verbal Autism Spectrum Disorder. / Comparação do perfil socioeducacional de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista verbais e não verbais.

PURPOSE: Compare the psychoeducational profiles of children with verbal and non-verbal Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 30 children with a medical diagnosis of ASD (15 verbal and 15 non-verbal) aged 2-9 years. The Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R) scale was applied to assess the children's development. The data were analyzed quantitatively and comparatively. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to evaluate the compatibility between the groups regarding the scores obtained in each PEP-R area, with chronological age as the covariate, and Student's t-Test was used for the independent samples (p≤0.001). RESULTS: The scores in the different areas of the PEP-R were higher in the verbal group, with associations between language development and cognitive and social adaptive skills in the studied sample. Comparison between the groups showed a lower profile of the non-verbal group, with statistically significant differences in the areas of imitation, perception, gross and fine motor coordination, eye-hand coordination, cognitive performance, and verbal performance. CONCLUSION: The goal of comparing the psychoeducational profiles of verbal and non-verbal ASD children was reached, and statistically significant differences were observed. The children with non-verbal ASD presented a lower psychoeducational profile compared with that of verbal ASD children. Further studies with larger samples, delimited age groups, and more specific tests in each developmental area are suggested.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil psicoeducacional de crianças com TEA verbais e não verbais. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com amostra de 30 crianças (15 verbais e 15 não verbais), entre 2 e 9 anos, aproximadamente, com diagnóstico médico de TEA, realizado em equipe. Para a análise do desenvolvimento, aplicou-se a escala de desenvolvimento do Perfil Psicoeducacional Revisado (PEP-R), sendo os dados analisados quantitativamente, de forma comparativa e com uso de testes estatísticos, pelo Modelo ANCOVA para análise de covariância, que avaliou a compatibilidade entre os grupos quanto as pontuações obtidas em cada área tendo como covariável a idade cronológica e o Teste t de Student para Amostras Independentes (nível de significância p ≤ 0,001). RESULTADOS: a pontuação nas diferentes áreas do PEP-R foi superior no grupo verbal, havendo relação, na amostra estudada, entre desenvolvimento da linguagem e de habilidades cognitivas e sócio adaptativas. A comparação entre os grupos indica que o perfil do grupo não verbal se encontra rebaixado, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas áreas de imitação, percepção, coordenação motora ampla e fina, integração olho mão, desenvolvimento cognitivo e capacidade cognitiva verbal. CONCLUSÃO: o objetivo de comparar o perfil psicoeducacional de autistas verbais e não verbais foi atingido, apontando diferenças significativas. O perfil dos indivíduos com TEA não verbais analisados na amostra se encontra rebaixado em relação aos verbais. Sugerem-se novos estudos com amostras maiores, faixas etárias delimitadas e com mais testes específicos em cada área do desenvolvimento.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, and safety toxicological profile of a new paracetamol analog, LQFM291.

In the scope of a research program with the goal of developing treatments for inflammatory diseases, the pharmacological evaluation of LQFM291, designed by molecular hybridization from butylated hydroxytoluene and paracetamol, was described. The antioxidant profile of LQFM291 was evaluated by electrochemical measurement. Also, acute or repeated treatments with equimolar doses to paracetamol were used to evaluate the antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM291 in animal models. The toxicologic potential of LQFM291 was also evaluated and compared to paracetamol through biochemical and histopathological analysis after the repeated treatment schedule. As a result of the acute treatment, paracetamol showed a similar antinociceptive effect in formalin test compared to LQFM291. Whereas, after the repeated treatment, when carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema tests were performed, paracetamol showed a delayed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect compared to LQFM291. Furthermore, as other advantages the LQFM291 showed a high redox capacity, a gastroprotective activity and a safety pharmacological profile without any liver or kidney damage. These effects can be related to the prevention of oxidative stress by reduction of protein and lipid peroxidation in gastric tissue, maintenance of glutathione levels in hepatic homogenate, and a systemic reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, which may characterize the LQFM291 as a more viable and effective alternative to relief pain and inflammatory signs in patients with chronic disorders.

Contrasting patterns of foraging behavior in neotropical stingless bees using pollen and honey metabarcoding.

Stingless bees are major flower visitors in the tropics, but their foraging preferences and behavior are still poorly understood. Studying stingless bee interactions with angiosperms is methodologically challenging due to the high tropical plant diversity and inaccessibility of upper canopy flowers in forested habitats. Pollen DNA metabarcoding offers an opportunity of assessing floral visitation efficiently and was applied here to understand stingless bee floral resources spectra and foraging behavior. We analyzed pollen and honey from nests of three distantly related stingless bee species, with different body size and social behavior: Melipona rufiventris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula. Simultaneously, we evaluate the local floristic components through seventeen rapid botanical surveys conducted at different distances from the nests. We discovered a broad set of explored floral sources, with 46.3 plant species per bee species in honey samples and 53.67 in pollen samples. Plant families Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae and Malpighiaceae dominated the records, indicating stingless bee preferences for abundant resources that flowers of these families provide in the region. Results also reinforce the preference of stingless bees for forest trees, even if only available at long distances. Our high-resolution results encourage future bee-plant studies using pollen and honey metabarcoding in hyper-diverse tropical environments.

A new application of the switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction to analyze synthetic cannabinoids in plasma by LC-MS/MS.

Synthetic cannabinoids are still a growing trend among drug users and consist of a group of hundreds of highly potent compounds. To investigate the use of such substances, sample preparation of biological matrices is a crucial step prior to instrumental analysis. Although different efficient extraction techniques have been proposed for that aim, they usually do not fit eco-friendly guidelines that have been gaining popularity in recent years, such as Green Analytical Toxicology. This work uses describes for the first time the use of switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-HLLME) for synthetic cannabinoids. This is a green technique that replaces highly toxic organic reagents for switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS), substances that can be either water-miscible or immiscible depending on their protonation. Thus, by simply adjusting the pH of the system, these SHS can be used as extraction solvents. A full optimization study including type of SHS, volume of protonated SHS, volume of NaOH, salting-out effect, and extraction time was performed. The optimized procedure consisted of precipitating the proteins of 300 µL of plasma with 300 µL of acetonitrile followed by centrifugation; evaporation of the organic solvent under N2 stream; addition of 500 µL of the protonated DPA, DPA-HCl (6 M) (1:1, v/v); addition of 500 µL of NaOH (10 M); and finally centrifugation and evaporation. Validation results showed determination coefficients ≥ 0.99 for the 0.1-10 ng/mL linear range; 0.01-0.08 ng/mL as limit of detection; 0.1 ng/mL as limit of quantitation; accuracy and imprecision were within acceptable ranges; matrix effect, recovery, and process efficiency ranged from -55.6 to 185.9%, 36-56.7%, and 18.5-148.4%, respectively. The SHS-HLLME herein described was fully optimized providing satisfactory recoveries of 31 synthetic cannabinoids at low concentrations requiring only 300 µL of plasma. In addition, the validation results showed that the technique is a reliable eco-friendly alternative for clinical and toxicological analysis.

Dereplication of polar extracts from Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. roots and its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential.

Croton antisyphiliticus Mart. is a plant popularly used in folk medicine by traditional communities from Brazilian savannah to treat general inflammation. According to ethnopharmacological data, this specie can be considered a source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs. Thereby, this study reports the results of the dereplication approach of C. antisyphiliticus roots extracts and the in vivo evaluation of its potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory in albino Swiss mice. Based on HPLC coupled to Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer and using GNPS, a total of thirteen polyphenolic compounds were noticed, including four compounds that have been reported for the first time in the genus Croton. Ethanolic and aqueous roots extracts demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition for the number of writes, reduced pain induced by formalin and hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. These extracts also reduced paw edema, cell migration, and myeloperoxidase activity, with effects similar to indomethacin and dexamethasone drugs.

Notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2014-2018.

OBJECTIVE: to describe characteristics of notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents according to race/skin color and their distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2014 and 2018. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of data retrieved from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). Frequency distributions, prevalence and statistical differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: of the 8,716 notifications, most occurred in the state capital (48.2%) and related to female victims (82.2%) aged between 10 and 14 years (38.1%). There was a higher prevalence (370/100,000) and relative frequency of rape (84.5%), sexual exploitation (5.8%) and neglect/abandonment (4.6%) among victims of Black race/skin color (p-value < 0.05). Only 4.6% of notifications occurred in primary health care services. CONCLUSION: notifications were more frequent among female pre-adolescents and prevalence was higher among Black people, who should be a priority target for protective measures. Surveillance of this form of violence needs to be strengthened in primary care.

Identification of potential urinary protein biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a pilot study using a proteomic approach

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most diagnosed malignancies worldwide, and it is also the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite recent progress in screening programs, noninvasive accurate biomarkers are still needed in the CRC field. In this study, we evaluated and compared the urinary proteomic profiles of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and patients without cancer, aiming to identify potential biomarker proteins. Urine samples were collected from 9 patients with CRC and 9 patients with normal colonoscopy results. Mass spectrometry (label-free LC—MS/MS) was used to characterize the proteomic profile of the groups. Ten proteins that were differentially regulated were identified between patients in the experimental group and in the control group, with statistical significance with a p value ≤ 0.05. The only protein that presented upregulation in the CRC group was beta-2-microglobulin (B2M). Subsequent studies are needed to evaluate patients through different analysis approaches to independently verify and validate these biomarker candidates in a larger cohort sample. (AU)

A higher number of SARS-COV-2 infections in quilombola communities than in the local population in Brazil.

The historical and social vulnerability of quilombola communities in Brazil can make them especially fragile in the face of COVID-19, considering that several individuals have precarious health systems and inadequate access to water. This work aimed to characterize the frequency of SARS-COV-2 infections and the presence of IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in quilombola populations and their relationship with the presence of risk factors or preexisting chronic diseases in the quilombola communities. We analyzed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, serological status, comorbidities, and symptoms of 1,994 individuals (478 males and 1,536 females) from 18 Brazilian municipalities in the State of Sergipe of quilombola communities, which were evaluated at different epidemiological weeks, starting at the 32nd (August 6th) and ending at the 40th (October 3rd) epidemiological week. More than 70% of studied families live in rural areas and they have an extreme poverty social status. Although we found a higher number of SARS-COV-2 infections in quilombola communities than in the local population, their SARS-CoV-2 reactivity and IgM and IgG positivity varied across the communities investigated. Arterial hypertension was the most risk factor, being found in 27.8% of the individuals (9.5% in stage 1, 10.8% in stage 2, and 7.5% in stage 3). The most common COVID-19 symptoms and comorbidities were headache, runny nose, flu, and dyslipidemia. However, most individuals were asymptomatic (79.9%). Our data indicate that mass testing must be incorporated into public policy to improve the health care system available to quilombola populations during a future pandemic or epidemic.

Corrigendum to "Cross-sectional analysis of students and school workers reveals a high number of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections during school reopening in Brazilian cities" [Heliyon 8 (11) (November 2022) Article e11368].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11368.].

Atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and clozapine increase bone loss in female rats with experimental periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease in psychiatric patients, including those undergoing symptomatic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics. Some of these drugs, such as clozapine (CLO) and olanzapine (OLA), have prominent metabolic effects such as weight gain, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, which are risk factors for periodontitis. In addition to the metabolic effects, there are reports of changes in salivary flow, gingival bleeding, and caries. In this context, we aimed to evaluate if the metabolic effects of OLA and CLO alter periodontal parameters in an animal model of periodontitis without the environmental and psychosocial biases inherent to human diseases. METHODS: In the first set of experiments, male and female adult Wistar rats received oral administration of CLO, OLA, or vehicle for 45 days. They were evaluated for body mass composition and weight gain, blood glucose parameters (fasting and glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tests), and lipid profile (HDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides). In a second set of experiments, the same measurements were performed in female rats exposed to the antipsychotics for 45 days and ligature-induced periodontitis on the 30th day of treatment. Macroscopic measurements of exposed roots, microtomography in the furcation region of the first molar, and histological evaluation of the region between the first and second molars were evaluated to assess bone loss. Additionally, gingival measurements of myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were made. RESULTS: Only females exposed to OLA had more significant weight gain than controls. They also exhibited differences in glucose metabolism. Ligature-induced periodontitis produced intense bone retraction without changing the density of the remaining structures. The bone loss was even higher in rats with periodontitis treated with OLA or CLO and was accompanied by a local increase in TNF-α caused by CLO. These animals, however, did not exhibit the same metabolic impairments observed for animals without periodontitis. CONCLUSION: The use of clozapine and olanzapine may be a risk factor for periodontal disease, independent of systemic metabolic alterations.

Pharmacological evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM202: a new piperazine derivative.

Advances have been made in the search for new multi-target modulators to control pain and inflammation. Therefore, compound 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone (LQFM202) was synthesised and evaluated. First, in vitro assays were performed for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes. Subsequently, adult female Swiss albino mice treated orally with LQFM202 at doses of 25-200 mg/kg were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, carrageenan- or zymosan-induced paw oedema, or pleurisy. LQFM202 inhibited COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5 (IC50 = 3499 µM, 1565 µM, and 1343 µM, respectively). In acute animal models, LQFM202 (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the amount of abdominal writhing (29%, 52% and 48%, respectively). Pain in the second phase of the formalin test was reduced by 46% with intermediate dose. LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) reduced the difference in nociceptive threshold in all 4 h evaluated (46%, 37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively). LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema from the second hour (27%, 31% and 25%, respectively); however, LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema in all hours evaluated (35%, 42%, 48% and 50%, respectively). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the oedema in all hours evaluated (33%, 32%, 31% and 20%, respectively). In the carrageenan-pleurisy test, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly the number of polymorphonuclear cells (34%), the myeloperoxidase activity (53%), TNF-α levels (47%), and IL-1ß levels (58.8%). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (54% and 79%, respectively); and the myeloperoxidase activity (46%). These results suggest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of LQFM202.

Comparação do perfil socioeducacional de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista verbais e não verbais / Comparison between the socio-educational profiles of children with verbal and non-verbal Autism Spectrum Disorder

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar o perfil psicoeducacional de crianças com TEA verbais e não verbais. Método Estudo transversal, com amostra de 30 crianças (15 verbais e 15 não verbais), entre 2 e 9 anos, aproximadamente, com diagnóstico médico de TEA, realizado em equipe. Para a análise do desenvolvimento, aplicou-se a escala de desenvolvimento do Perfil Psicoeducacional Revisado (PEP-R), sendo os dados analisados quantitativamente, de forma comparativa e com uso de testes estatísticos, pelo Modelo ANCOVA para análise de covariância, que avaliou a compatibilidade entre os grupos quanto as pontuações obtidas em cada área tendo como covariável a idade cronológica e o Teste t de Student para Amostras Independentes (nível de significância p ≤ 0,001). Resultados a pontuação nas diferentes áreas do PEP-R foi superior no grupo verbal, havendo relação, na amostra estudada, entre desenvolvimento da linguagem e de habilidades cognitivas e sócio adaptativas. A comparação entre os grupos indica que o perfil do grupo não verbal se encontra rebaixado, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas áreas de imitação, percepção, coordenação motora ampla e fina, integração olho mão, desenvolvimento cognitivo e capacidade cognitiva verbal. Conclusão o objetivo de comparar o perfil psicoeducacional de autistas verbais e não verbais foi atingido, apontando diferenças significativas. O perfil dos indivíduos com TEA não verbais analisados na amostra se encontra rebaixado em relação aos verbais. Sugerem-se novos estudos com amostras maiores, faixas etárias delimitadas e com mais testes específicos em cada área do desenvolvimento.

ABSTRACT Purpose Compare the psychoeducational profiles of children with verbal and non-verbal Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 30 children with a medical diagnosis of ASD (15 verbal and 15 non-verbal) aged 2-9 years. The Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R) scale was applied to assess the children's development. The data were analyzed quantitatively and comparatively. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to evaluate the compatibility between the groups regarding the scores obtained in each PEP-R area, with chronological age as the covariate, and Student's t-Test was used for the independent samples (p≤0.001). Results The scores in the different areas of the PEP-R were higher in the verbal group, with associations between language development and cognitive and social adaptive skills in the studied sample. Comparison between the groups showed a lower profile of the non-verbal group, with statistically significant differences in the areas of imitation, perception, gross and fine motor coordination, eye-hand coordination, cognitive performance, and verbal performance. Conclusion The goal of comparing the psychoeducational profiles of verbal and non-verbal ASD children was reached, and statistically significant differences were observed. The children with non-verbal ASD presented a lower psychoeducational profile compared with that of verbal ASD children. Further studies with larger samples, delimited age groups, and more specific tests in each developmental area are suggested.

Notificações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes no Rio Grande do Sul: estudo descritivo, 2014-2018 / Notificaciones de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2014-2018 / Notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2014-2018

Objective: to describe characteristics of notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents according to race/skin color and their distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2014 and 2018. Methods: this was a descriptive study of data retrieved from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). Frequency distributions, prevalence and statistical differences were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: of the 8,716 notifications, most occurred in the state capital (48.2%) and related to female victims (82.2%) aged between 10 and 14 years (38.1%). There was a higher prevalence (370/100,000) and relative frequency of rape (84.5%), sexual exploitation (5.8%) and neglect/abandonment (4.6%) among victims of Black race/skin color (p-value < 0.05). Only 4.6% of notifications occurred in primary health care services. Conclusion: notifications were more frequent among female pre-adolescents and prevalence was higher among Black people, who should be a priority target for protective measures. Surveillance of this form of violence needs to be strengthened in primary care.

Objetivo: describir las características de las notificaciones de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes según raza/color de piel y su distribución en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2014-2018. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades y Notificaciones (Sinan). Distribuciones de frecuencia, prevalencias y diferencias estadísticas fueron analizadas mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: de 8.716 notificaciones, la mayoría ocurrió en la capital (48,2%) y fueron de víctimas del sexo femenino (82,2%) con edades entre 10 y 14 años (38,1%). Hubo mayor prevalencia (370/100.000) y frecuencia relativa de violación (84,5%), explotación sexual (5,8%) y negligencia/abandono (4,6%) entre víctimas de raza/color de piel negro (p-valor < 0,05). Un 4,6% de las notificaciones ocurrió en servicios de atención primaria. Conclusión: hubo mayor frecuencia de notificaciones entre preadolescentes femeninas y mayor prevalencia entre víctimas negras, que deben presentar medidas de protección prioritarias. Es necesario reforzar la vigilancia de violencias en atención primaria.

Objetivo: descrever características das notificações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes segundo a raça/cor da pele e sua distribuição no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2014-2018. Métodos: estudo descritivo de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan); foram analisadas distribuições de frequência, prevalências e diferenças estatísticas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: das 8.716 notificações, a maioria ocorreu na capital (48,2%) e de vítimas do sexo feminino (82,2%) com idade entre 10 e 14 anos (38,1%); houve maior prevalência (370/100 mil) e frequência relativa de estupro (84,5%), exploração sexual (5,8%) e negligência/abandono (4,6%) entre vítimas de raça/cor da pele negra (p-valor < 0,05); 4,6% das notificações foram realizadas nos serviços de Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS). Conclusão: houve maior frequência de notificações entre pré-adolescentes do sexo feminino e maior prevalência entre negros, alvos prioritários das medidas de proteção; torna-se necessário reforçar a vigilância dessa violência na ABS.

Saúde coletiva e psicologia social da práxis: um caminho interdisciplinar como metaformação na pós-graduação / Collective health and social psychology of praxis: an interdisciplinary path for meta-formation in graduate studies

RESUMO Este artigo parte da compreensão de interdisciplinaridade como modo de operar face às visões fragmentadas presentes nos processos de produção e de socialização do conhecimento. Objetiva compartilhar reflexões que problematizam a interdisciplinaridade a partir da experiência de formação acadêmica na pós-graduação de um grupo de pesquisa cujos integrantes expressam diversidade de formação e inserção profissional e se debruçam sobre relações entre políticas públicas, saúde e necessidades das pessoas. As reflexões foram elaboradas com base em questões emergentes nos encontros sistemáticos do grupo, que foi tomado como estratégia teórico-metodológica, e sustentadas a partir do diálogo entre saúde coletiva, como campo de saber e de prática, e psicologia social da práxis, formulada por Enrique Pichon-Rivière. O eixo articulador dessa experiência é a formação em sentido amplo que se manifesta pelo princípio de indissociabilidade ensino-pesquisa-extensão, i.e., aprender-investigar-fazer, e como autoformação em um processo mútuo e de ação reflexiva, de aprender a aprender. Nesse sentido, argumenta-se que é metaformação e só pode se dar na perspectiva de diálogos de saberes e interdisciplinares.

ABSTRACT This article is based on the understanding of interdisciplinarity as a way to act against the fragmented visions present in the processes of knowledge production and socialization. The objective is to share reflections that problematize interdisciplinarity from the experience of graduate academic training in a research group whose members have diverse training and professional fields and focus on the relationships between public policy, health and human needs. The reflections were based on issues that emerged during the group's systematic meetings, and the group was understood as a theoretical and methodological strategy, and was sustained by the dialogue between collective health as a field of knowledge and practice, and the social psychology of praxis, formulated by Enrique Pichon-Rivière. The articulating axis of this experience is training in its broadest sense, manifested on the principle of the inseparability of (i.e., learning-research-doing) and as self-training in a mutual process of reflective teaching-research-outreach action, of learning how to learn. In this sense, it is argued that it is a metatraining that can only take place from the perspective of knowledge dialogues and interdisciplinarity.

Cross-sectional analysis of students and school workers reveals a high number of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections during school reopening in Brazilian cities.

Brazil experienced one of the most prolonged periods of school closures, and reopening could have exposed students to high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the infection status of students and school workers at the time of the reopening of schools located in Brazilian cities is unknown. Here we evaluated viral carriage by RT-PCR and seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM and IgG) by immunochromatography in 2259 individuals (1139 students and 1120 school workers) from 28 schools in 28 Brazilian cities. We collected the samples within 30 days after public schools reopened and before the start of vaccination campaigns. Most students (n = 421) and school workers (n = 446) had active (qRT-PCR + IgM- IgG- or qRT-PCR + IgM + IgG-/+) SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regression analysis indicated a strong association between the infection status of students and school workers. Furthermore, while 45% (n = 515) of the students and 37% (n = 415) of the school workers were neither antigen nor antibody positive in laboratory tests, 16% of the participants (169 students and 193 school workers) were oligosymptomatic, including those reinfected. These individuals presented mild symptoms such as headache, sore throat, and cough. Notably, most of the individuals were asymptomatic (83.9%). These results indicate that many SARS-CoV-2 infections in Brazilian cities during school reopening were asymptomatic. Thus, our study highlights the need to promote a coordinated public health effort to guarantee a safe educational environment while avoiding exacerbating pre-existent social inequalities in Brazil, reducing social, mental, and economic losses for students, school workers, and their families.